Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Cryospheric Science, as an emerging interdisciplinary research field combining natural science and humanity, aims to understand nature’s law, serve human society and promote sustainable development. In recent years, by deepening the understanding of the cryosphere elements and the whole sphere, and by expanding the application research of cryospheric science, the Chinese community of cryospheric science has developed by leaps and bounds and realized the crossover from the traditional basic research to serving the major national needs, which marks the increasing maturity of the discipline. The Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games is a major landmark event at an important historical time in China. The special need of using snow and ice as the sports interface has led China’s cryosphere scientific team to focus on tackling key technical links of icy snow physics since 2016, and promoted the development of China’s cryosphere scientific application research in the past five years. In view of the key technology of snow service for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games and the national needs of ice and snow economic development, a research team was formed by the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, in cooperation with scientific institutions (such as Beijing Normal University, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Harbin Sport University) and first-class enterprises in the domestic ice and snow industry (such as Yabuli Sports Training Base, National Alpine Skiing Centre, and Genting Snow Park). The team has solved many technical problems, including snow making, icy snow track making, snow quality prediction and snow storage. The team studied the impact of climate change on China’s ski tourism and how ice and snow tourism can help with the sustainable development of mountainous regions economy. It also trained the first batch of graduate students and core technicians of ski resorts in China. This paper summarizes the key snow-making technology of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, and projects the development path of China’s ice and snow industry. It expounds the application and expansion of cryospheric science from the perspective of strategic thinking, knowledge building and practical innovation, and puts forward relevant thoughts and suggestions.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Asian Water Tower (AWT) provides population in High Asia and broader areas in downstream with critical water resource, creating significant socioeconomic values. It is also unreplaceable in regional economic development in central and south Asia. Moreover, the associated region is an example of regional development to share the common future in Road and Belt Initiatives. This article shed a light on and provides various examples about AWT’s socioeconomic effects in High Asia Region. Not only does it support the regional development, but also the competition for AWT’s water resources due to its increasing scarcity in dryland would potentially bring in conflicts. That would become even more uncertain and challenging when the deterioration of AWT is considered as a result of climate change. It would then fundamentally change the future development in High Asia Region. Therefore, it is urgent to respond and adapt to the change by developing sustainable pathways. This article further address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are most concerned by the countries in High Asia Region, and illustrate the relations of the cryosphere services of AWT to the implementation of SDGs.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Cryosphere disasters include continental cryosphere disaster, marine cryosphere disaster, and aerial cryosphere disasters and these disasters are widespread and have caused great loss and influence. With the increasing frequency and intensity of cryosphere disasters caused by climate warming, the cryosphere region faces severe challenges in poverty eradication, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable economic and social development. Early cryosphere disaster studies mainly focus on the disaster events, disaster effects, and prevention of single disaster, concentrating on avalanche, glacial lake outburst, and glacier debris flow disasters. Since the 1980s, the research scope of cryosphere disaster science is gradually expanding, some of cryosphere disaster received extensive attention and further research such as permafrost disasters, sea ice disasters, and ice jam/flood disaster. In recent 10 years, with the establishment and improvement of cryosphere science system, the discipline system of cryosphere disaster science is developing and making significant progress in cryosphere disaster risk, impact and adaptation. Based on previous studies, this paper elaborates on the connotation of cryosphere disaster science, reviews the spatiotemporal characteristics of cryosphere disaster and its comprehensive influence, and then puts forward some suggestions on the construction and development of cryosphere disaster science in the future.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Global warming is rapidly melting the cryosphere, triggering a scramble for control of resources and shipping lanes in the cryosphere, especially in the Arctic, and the world is entering the age of cryopolitics driven by climate change. Based on the analyses on the background of cryopolitics formation, this article discusses the connotation and characteristics of cryopolitics, and analyzes the geopolitical competition in the Arctic in the past 20 years from the perspective of realism, including the competition between the Arctic nations for the delimitation of the extended continental shelf of 200 nautical miles, and military competition for Arctic resources and navigation channel control among these nations, especially between Russia and the United States. Finally, some suggestions for China’s participation in the international governance of the cryosphere are put forward.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The cryosphere is closely related to human society. As a result of climate warming and corresponding cryosphere shrinkage, the cryosphere functions (CFs) and their associated services and hazards are undergoing profound changes. On the one hand, the cryosphere hazards become more and more frequent with heavily extreme events; on the other hand, the overall cryospheric service (CS) capacity has been deteriorating and would continue or be eventually lost. This article introduced the concepts of CFs, CSs, and their value on the basis of summarizing the human and social characteristics of the cryosphere and its affected areas. Then, taking the importance of world’s “water towers” and changes in polar systems as examples, we illustrated the changes in CSs and their impact. Finally, the resilient pathway of cryosphere-affected socio-ecological systems was further discussed.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Ice core is an important carrier of the past climatic and environmental change information. In this paper, we firstly introduced how ice cores record past climatic and environmental changes. Then, we elaborated the achievements of ice core research in the past climate change, levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and human activities. Thirdly, the role of ice core research in promoting relevant environmental policy making was stated, such as the ban on Pb additives in gasoline and greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. And finally, it was suggested that the state should establish a National Ice Core Facility to drill and store the ice cores from the Three Poles (Antarctic, Arctic, and the Third Pole) to serve the future scientific research and national development.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Ice is the core material in cryosphere, while the physical properties as well as physical processes of cryospheric components vary obviously because of difference in ice proportion and other material compositions. A large number of laboratorial studies and extensive field investigations in the middle and late of 20th century have determined the basic concepts of ice physical properties and the outlines of physical characteristics of these cryospheric components. With establishment of the cryospheric science system and requirement of the socio-economic development, research emphasis of cryospheric physics should be put on three aspects in future. One is further investigation of ice physical properties in details in order to provide accurate parameters for modelling, disaster prevention, and cryospheric service. Another is the laboratory simulation of combined processes of the cryosphere, especially entity and similarity simulations. The third is to promote the coupling between cryospheric models and further between models of cryosphere and other spheres.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The cryosphere is one of the biomes on Earth. In recent years, studies on microorganisms in cold habitats has been mainly focused on the Earth’s cryosphere, including glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, lake ice, and permafrost. Most of the microbial groups harboring in cryosphere are cold-adapted microbes, many of which are still unknown. Psychrophiles are important strategy resources in the fields of scientific research and low temperature biotechnology. The cryosphere also seals many unknown ancient pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and virus to animals, plants, and human beings. The cold habitats and harsh conditions in the cryosphere shape the diverse microbial populations that pose unique adaptability for survival in such extreme environments. Since highly sensitive to climate changes, the cryosphere is changing as indicated by the retreat of glaciers and ice sheets as well as permafrost thawing under global warming. The habitats where the microbes of cryosphere survive on are shrinking. The release of these microbes from the cryosphere, such as the glacier and ice retreat and permafrost thawing, might be a great threat to human society. Additionally, frozen ecosystems are also of much interest as analogues of extraterrestrial habitats. Therefore, a deeply understanding of the role and potential of microbial life in cryosphere habitats has become crucial.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The cryosphere is solid reservoir, and the meltwater of cryosphere affects hydrology, water resource, and water cycles in the watershed, regional, even global scale. The article reviewed on the current research results on the hydrological function, hydrological processes of meltwater and runoff and their effect, the impact on ecosystem and environment of cryosphere from hydrology view. The hydrological function mainly includes the water conservation, runoff supply, and regulation on water resource. The hydrological processes have significantly changed under the background of climate change, the onset of glacier melting period starts earlier and the volume of melting water has increased, and the snow melting period starts earlier, the permafrost degradation has led to winter runoff increasing, which increases the regulation function of watershed runoff. The projected glacier meltwater will continuingly decrease under the future climate change, which will bring greater challenge on the water resource management of Northwest China. The changes in hydrological process of cryosphere also have important impact on the ecosystem and ecological engineering, flood hazard and sustainability, and geopolitics in cold regions.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Since the 1980s, the establishment and development of modern climate system theory have promoted the cross integration of cryospheric science and climatology, thus giving birth to a new branch of cryospheric science—cryospheric climatology. The formation and evolution of cryosphere are closely related to the earth’s climate. Now it is generally recognized that cryosphere is not only the product of climate under certain conditions, but also its changes affect the weather and climate, and affect the social economy and sustainable development of human beings. Cryospheric climatology is a science that studies the interaction between cryosphere and atmosphere and its physical mechanism. Starting from the introduction of the development history of cryospheric climatology, this paper systematically explains its basic concepts and subject characteristics. Cryospheric climatology focuses on the role of cryosphere in the formation and anomaly of weather, climate, and general atmospheric circulations, the process and mechanism of interaction between cryosphere and atmosphere, the development of climate system model and cryosphere models, the projection of change in climate and cryosphere, and the service function of cryospheric climatology to social economy. We will continue to deepen the understanding of interaction process and mechanism between the cryosphere and the atmosphere, and promote the development of parameterization schemes for the processes of terrestrial cryosphere, marine cryosphere, and atmospheric cryosphere towards refinement, quantification, and complexity. In particular, we will focus on considering the spatial-temporal scales of nonlinear effects among different components and elements of the cryosphere. The development of global and regional climate system model coupled with cryosphere processes is the future trend of cryospheric climatology.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The cryosphere is one of the five major spheres of the climate system. It plays an important role in the earth system with its huge fresh water reserves, latent heat of phase transitions, greenhouse gases, and unique species and cultural structures. The formation, change mechanism, and process of cryosphere; the interactions with atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere; the influences and adaptations of cryosphere change; the service functions for regional and global economy and society all together have rapidly developed into a new interdisciplinary discipline, which is called Cryosphere Science. Being consistent with the directions advocated by the “Future Earth” and the “Earth Commission”, the establishment and development of the scientific system of the Cryosphere Science is internationally forward looking.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Cartography submitted time 2022-12-20 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：
The study of snowline altitude changes at the end of the melting season is helpful to predict future trends of snow systems in order to understand the regional and global climate changes. The remote sensing extraction method of region snowline altitude was developed based on the Google Earth Engine and Landsat satellite data. From 1991 to 2021, the snowline altitude at the end of the melting season in the four basins of the Tianshan Mountains was extracted. The variation characteristics of snowline altitude and its relationship with meteorological factors were carefully and accurately estimated. The results were as follows: (1) the extended snowline altitude at the end of the melting season correlated well with the snow cover extent (minimum) at end of the melting season, which was extracted by Sentinel-2. The overall accuracy was 91.6%, and the Kappa coefficient was higher than 0.9. The regional snowline altitude at the end of the melting season was accurately obtained with this model. (2) Generally, the snowline altitude at the end of the melting season in the study area showed an obvious increasing trend over the last 30 years. The increase rate was between 2.7 m·a-1 and 6.4 m·a-1 . The rise rate of the snowline altitude in the Manas River Basin was the fastest (6.4 m·a-1 ), while the rise rate of the snowline altitude in the Akeyazi River Basin was the slowest (2.7 m·a-1 ). (3) The summer temperature was the main factor that affected the change in the snowline altitude at the end of the melting season in the study area (P < 0.05), while the effect of precipitation was relatively weak.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Other Disciplines of Geosciences submitted time 2019-09-11 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》
Abstract：基于自然与人文多重栅格数据，构建人居环境质量综合指数评价模型，分析2015年关中平原城市群人居环境的空间分异格局，并对人口分布与人居环境质量的协同性进行探讨。结果表明：(1)人居自然环境呈现出自东向西，由山地、高原向平原、谷地依次递减的空间分布格局，受地形影响最为明显，地形起伏度与人居自然环境呈负相关关系。(2)人居人文环境表现出平原低、山区高，城镇高于乡村的空间分布格局，受城市行政层级影响显著。(3)关中平原城市群人居环境综合质量指数介于0.216～0.716之间，呈现出以关中平原、汾河谷地向外梯级递减的带状空间分布格局。(4)关中平原城市群人口密度与人居环境质量空间分布显著一致，总体呈现出平原高于山地，城市高于乡村的空间分布规律，人居环境质量越高，人口密度越大，土地利用也越充分。
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment